Test 1

Listening

Part 1

Questions 1 - 10

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Part 2

Questions 11 - 14

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Part 3

Questions 21 - 24

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Questions 25 - 30

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Part 4

Questions 31 - 40

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Transcript

Part 4

• Specifically, I am referring to Stoicism, which, in my opinion, is the most practical of all philosophies and therefore the most appealing. Zeno (31) of Citium in the early 3rd century BC, but was practised by the likes of Epictetus, Cato.
• Amazingly, we still have access to these ideas, despite the fact that the most famous Stoics never wrote anything down for publication. Cato definitely didn’t. personal (32)
• The road to virtue, in turn, lay in understanding that destructive emotions, like anger and jealousy, are under our conscious control — they don’t have to control us, because we can learn to control them. In the words of Epictetus: ”I do control (33)“.
• The modern day philosopher and writer Nassim Nicholas Taleb defines a Stoic as someone who has a different perspective (34) on experiences which most of us would see as wholly negative.
• The founding fathers of the United States were inspired by the philosophy. George Washington was introduced to Stoicism by his neighbours at age seventeen, and later, put on a play based on the life of Cato to inspire his men. Seneca (35)
• The economist Adam Smith’s theories on capitalism were significantly influenced by the Stoicism that he studied as a schoolboy, under a teacher who had translated Marcus Aurelius' works (36).
• Stoicism had a profound influence on Albert Ellis, who invented Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (37), which is used to help people manage their problems by changing the way that they think and behave.
• Stoicism has also become popular in the world of business. Stoic principles can build the resilience and state of mind required to overcome setbacks because Stoics teach turning obstacles into opportunity (38).
• The Stoics also believed the most important foundation for a good and happy life is not money, fame, power or pleasure, but having a disciplined and principled character (39).